The affective temperaments are conceptualized within a categorical framework. In contrast, most of the other work on personality and depression views personality in dimensional terms. In this section, we focus on the FFM, but we also briefly consider Gray’s (1994) and Cloninger and colleagues’ (1993) psychobiological models and several additional traits from the clinical literature (e.g., self-criticism, dependency, and rumination). This section focuses primarily on studies of adults and adolescents using self-report measures of personality. Studies of younger children using observational measures of temperament are reviewed in a later section.
