In summary, the consequences of chronic alcoholism for memory functioning are complex and varied (Pitel and Beaunieux, 2013). Uncomplicated alcoholics often experience impairments in working memory, short-term memory, and episodic memory. Some of these deficiencies have been linked to executive dysfunction and damage to associated structures, while others have been connected with damaged mesocorticolimbic regions. Fortunately, long-term memories tend to be preserved, and episodic memory abilities can improve with sobriety.