or acted in any other way that made respondents afraid that they would be physically hurt or injured. Physical abuse items ascertained the frequency of caregiver violent behavior toward the respondent such as pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping or hitting so hard that resulted in marks or injuries. Emotional and physical neglect were assessed using questions from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 1994). To assess physical neglect, respondents were queried how often they were made to do chores too difficult or dangerous for someone their age, were left unsupervised when they were too young to be alone, were not provided with regular meals or adequate clothing, or did not receive necessary medical treatment. Emotional neglect was assessed with three items querying whether there was someone in the respondent’s family who wanted him or her to be success, help him or her to feel important or was a source of strength and support. The CTQ also includes an endangerment item that assesses whether respondents were made to do chores that were dangerous for someone their age. Previously validated questions (Wyatt, 1985) regarding sexual experiences that were unwanted, involved an adult, or occurred when the respondent was too young to know
