The Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Revised (TOCA-R) was used to assess the participants’ aggressive behaviors at baseline (i.e., fall of grade 1 prior to randomization; Werthamer-Larsson, Kellam & Wheeler, 1991). This measure included items such as, harms or hurts others physically, starts fights with classmates to assess aggression. Teachers rated student behavior on a six-point Likert scale from “almost never” to “always”. Previous research on the TOCA-R has demonstrated a high level of predictive validity (Petras et al., 2004; Petras et al., 2011). See Petras and colleagues (2011) for additional information on the reliability and validity of these measures.
