average (s.d. = 1% over 1,000 draws). Next, we quantified the cross-ancestry correlation of marginal allele substitution effects (ρb) at GWS SNPs for all pairs of ancestry groups. We estimated ρb using five subsets of GWS SNPs identified in each of the ancestry groups, which also reached marginal genome-wide significance in at least one group. After correction for winner’s curse11,12, we found that ρb ranged between 0.64 and 0.99 across all pairs of ancestry groups and all sets of GWS SNPs (Supplementary Figs. 8–12). We also extended the estimation of ρb for SNPs that did not reach genome-wide significance and found that ρb > 0.5 across all comparisons (Supplementary Fig. 13). Thus, the observed GWS height associations are substantially shared across major ancestral groups, consistent with previous studies based on smaller sample sizes13,14.
