The magnitude of these effects was substantial, and this information may be helpful in targeting efforts at education and prevention. In this sample most of the AUD-affected subjects had a comorbid psychiatric disorder at baseline. Many such subjects may come to clinical attention for their childhood-onset disorders and it may be worth educational efforts targeting AUD, especially for those at increased familial risk. It has been argued, though, that more intensive interventions are not likely to be cost- effective at this time ([13] Glantz et al., 2009). It seems to be of value to continue to try to quantify risk in various clinically and biologically identifiable groups. Polygenic risk scores, especially as they increase in power with data from expanding clinical samples, will likely be of use ([31] Fullerton and Nurnberger, 2019). It would also be of value to attempt to separate AUD effects from other forms of SUD, since we know that they are highly comorbid in many samples, including the sample studied here.
