In waves 1–4, participants who reported having ever consumed alcohol were asked items related to DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) alcohol use disorder criteria (e.g., “Have you ever started drinking and become drunk when you didn't want to?”), with some criteria assessed using multiple items. For all but 2 items, response options were “never,” “1–2 times,” or “3 or more times,” which were scored 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Items addressing craving and tolerance had response options of “no” and “yes,” coded 0 and 1, respectively. Participants missing more than half their data within a wave were coded as missing for that wave. For each wave, sum scores were created and pro-rated to account for the missingness (when at least half the data was present) and data structure. For the first survey of wave 1, only the seven DSM-IV alcohol dependence items were assessed. None of the four alcohol abuse items were measured. Subsequent surveys of wave 1 and all surveys for wave 2–4 included 11 DSM-V items which were modified to make them appropriate for the participants in accordance
