effects from the meta-analysis were biased toward the EA GWAS. Fourth, studies have shown that using functional annotations can improve the performance of PRS and increase the transferability of PRS between different populations [11, 54–56]. However, most of the available functional annotation databases were generated using European ancestry samples and were not related to AUD, therefore, those functional information were not used in this study, which may also reduce the performance of PRSgene.
