Consistent with these associations, several studies provide empirical evidence for a connection between specific Five-Factor Model (FFM, 21) traits and longevity. The FFM is a comprehensive and widely replicated (22) model of personality structure that describes personality along five broad dimensions – Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness – which are each comprised of several individual facets (23). Within the FFM framework, the literature can be summarized by noting that most studies have found an association between high scores on Neuroticism and increased rates of mortality (24–29), but others have found no such effect (30, 31), or even the opposite pattern (32). Most studies have found that Extraversion does not predict longevity (25, 28, 29, 31, 32), but there are some exceptions (26, 27). On a more specific level, traits related to the positive emotion component of Extraversion (e.g., optimism and cheerfulness) have shown mixed associations with longevity (33–35). Generally, there appears to be no association between Openness to Experience and longevity (25, 26, 32), but on a more specific level, higher scores on the facets Openness to Feelings
