The findings of Will et al dovetail with other recent work that has also identified prediction errors during social interactions in ventral portions of the medial prefrontal cortex (Diaconescu et al., 2017; Lockwood et al., 2016). These studies highlight sgACC and adjacent areas as critical. For example, Diaconescu and colleagues (2017) used a task where participants had to track an advisor’s intentions over time, creating prediction errors when the advice was better or worse than expected. They found that the sgACC (areas 25 and 24s, (Palomero-Gallagher et al., 2015)) signaled prediction errors related to expected uncertainty about the advisor’s trustworthiness (Diaconescu et al., 2017). Another study focused on prosocial learning, or how one’s own actions affected outcomes for other people (Lockwood et al., 2016). They also identified social prediction error signals in sgACC (areas 25 and 24s, (Palomero-Gallagher et al., 2015)), but here these reflected whether the outcomes for another person based on our actions were better or worse than expected. Intriguingly this second study also found that sgACC signals were modulated by individual differences. In particular, those who reported
