8) The convergent data derived from studies of individuals with dependence on substances in several different pharmacological classes supports the idea that many allelic variants enhance vulnerability to dependence on a number of substances. These results do not exclude additional contributions from genomic variants that influence vulnerability to specific substances. 9) We focus on identification of genes. Although associations away from annotated genes can also provide interesting results, the genes that we identify in the present work provide a number of interesting views of substance dependence. These data reinforce our observations that many of these genes are likely to contribute to brain differences that are reflected in the mnemonic aspects of addiction, and that some of them also provide tempting targets for antiaddiction therapeutics. We discuss these ideas in more detail elsewhere [12,13].
