The heterogeneity in the extent and severity of neuropsychological deficits in chronic alcoholics is often marked (Ritz et al., 2016) but has not consistently been associated with any one demographic or alcohol-related variable. Factors that can moderate cognitive deficits include age, sex, medical and psychiatric co-morbidities, family history of alcoholism, number of withdrawals and relapses, length of abstinence, lifetime alcohol consumption, and nutrition (cf., Fama & Sullivan, 2013; Oscar-Berman, 2000).
