proteolysis and calcium ion binding were more responsive to chronic ethanol in males. Notably, induction of oxidative stress response was selectively observed in females. These findings suggest an enhanced sensitivity of females to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, which was confirmed by histological analysis. In the second case, gene expression was analyzed 3 weeks after withdrawal from 72-h ethanol vapor inhalation [35]. In contrast to acute withdrawal, the mouse line (WSP vs WSR) accounted for more transcriptional variation than gender during protracted abstinence, which indicated that sexual dimorphism of the transcriptional response to ethanol strongly depends on the exposure paradigm.
