2004). Examples of these highly regulated pathways are shown in Figs. 6A and 6B. The panels illustrate the profound and complex effects of cocaine on second messenger- and growth factor-regulated molecular pathways in the NAc, and how the individual genes in these pathways are influenced by alterations in histone acetylation or methylation. The panels also identify which proteins in these pathways show significant ΔFosB or phospho-CREB binding at their gene promoters, again illustrating the important influence of these transcription factors in cocaine action.