However, there are several challenges that the strategy of including GPSs in prevention studies will entail. Firstly, it necessitates genome-wide data on the sample. Although this is commonplace in larger genetic studies, some prevention studies included DNA collection via older buccal swab methodologies and, accordingly, a more limited quantity of DNA is available, since the samples were intended only for small-scale genotyping of a handful of candidate genes initially. A second challenge is that prevention scientists will be limited in what GPSs are available for study based on the state of gene finding for the particular behavior/outcome of interest to that group. Disorders that have had the most success in gene identification are the most highly heritable conditions like schizophrenia (The Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium, 2011). For many of the behavioral outcomes of interest to prevention scientists, such as aggression, conduct problems, depressive affect, or anxiety, there has been far less progress in gene identification, and GPSs that account for significant portions of the variance are not yet available (Dick et al., 2004; Hettema, Neale, & Kendler,
