A Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5;(Association, 2013) AUD proxy was calculated by identifying individuals who endorsed two or more of the 10 symptoms – 7 dependence and 3 abuse (legal problems are excluded from DSM-5) within the same 12-month period at some point during their life [The symptom craving was not assessed; however, the psychometric benefit of adding craving to AUD is unclear (Hasin et al., 2013), as the addition of craving to the DSM-IV alcohol dependence has not been found to add significant information (Cherpitel et al., 2010; Hasin, Fenton, Beseler, Park, & Wall, 2012).] Age of onset was defined as the first age at which DSM-5 AUD proxy was met.
