A positive score for maternal psychopathology was assigned if at least one of four criteria occurred: (a) suicide attempt, (b) Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) (Crown and Crisp, 1979) score > 10 for anxiety, (c) CCEI score > 9 for depression, (d) Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (Cox et al, 1987) score > 12. The CCEI cut-offs were chosen to reflect the lowest 10% of derived scores. The EPDS has been validated in community samples (Carothers and Murray, 1990). A score of > 12 is generally taken to indicate the likelihood of clinical depression, but not its severity (Warner et al, 1996). The four criteria comprising maternal psychopathology had high inter-item correlations (e.g. Cronbach alpha = 0.86 for the measure during pregnancy).
