Lilly et al. (1955) established charged balanced methods using biphasic brief pulses to limit the damage to the tissue and the degradation of the electrodes themselves. Merrill et al. reviewed electrical stimulation using electrodes, listing various materials (Merrill et al., 2005). For in vitro MEAs, effective stimulation protocols were characterized by Wagenaar et al. (2004). The authors studied different stimulation parameters (pulse width, amplitude, pulse shape) that evoke neuronal activity.
