a precursor of NPY are associated with alcohol dependence (Zhu et al. 2003). However, some genes encoding NPY receptors may play a role in alcohol dependence and withdrawal (Wetherill et al. 2008). Finally, certain signaling proteins (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], protein kinase C, protein kinase A, and cyclic AMP [cAMP]) have been implicated in alcohol’s effects across multiple species, including humans, rats, mice, Drosophila, and zebrafish (Corl et al. 2009; Newton and Messing 2006, 2007; Peng et al. 2009).
