Similarly, to determine whether the role of parental history of alcohol use disorders in the relationship of each type of childhood maltreatment to alcohol dependence varies by gender (Aim 5), we stratified the sample by gender and then repeated the Aim 4 analyses described above within the male and female subsets of the sample. Separate APs and 95% CIs for men and women indicated whether the joint effects of each maltreatment and parental history differed from the sum of the independent effects of these factors. Analyses were adjusted for demographics and other adverse childhood experiences.