We subsequently investigated whether the presence of IdoA in CS/DS PGs affects the gene expression of DS epimerases. qPCR analysis indicated no changes in the Dse and Dsel mRNA levels in stage 18 CNC explants of the Dse-MO- compared with the Dse-5MM-MO-injected control embryos (Fig. S4). This result argues against feedback regulation of IdoA in CS/DS biosynthesis at the transcriptional level.