of alcohol use (Box 1). Alcohol use disorder (AUD by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5); alcohol dependence (AD) by DSM-IV and earlier) seeks to capture physiological dependence, which is an inability to discontinue use as opposed to use per se (as for all SUD diagnoses). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is in clinical use and is collected by some biobank projects (Box 2). The AUDIT can be separated into two sections, the AUDIT-C, focused on consumption, and the AUDIT-P, focused on problems caused by alcohol use9. The AUDIT was designed to be able to detect less-severely affected drinkers. As such it identifies alcohol users who do not meet diagnostic criteria [G] for AD (as per DSM-IV10) or AUD (as per DSM-511). A GWAS including data from the UK Biobank sample and 23andMe (N = 141,958 participants) investigated AUDIT scores, but also AUDIT-C and AUDIT-P separately, and found several novel AUDIT associations (e.g., junctional cadherin 5 associated, (JCAD) and solute carrier family 39 member 13 (SLC39A13)); an additional key finding was a different pattern of genetic correlations for the two AUDIT subscales12. AUDIT-P, but not AUDIT-C, was correlated with a range of psychiatric
