At age 22, the psychiatric interviews from the intensively studied subsample were conducted using a translated version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). This validated multi-diagnostic instrument gathers information on a number of psychiatric disorders, including ASPD, based on DSM-IV criteria [28, 29]. In this study, 15 behaviors (e.g., purposeful harm of animals, forgery, arson, neglecting family duties) corresponding to the 7 criteria of DSM-IV ASPD were available. If an individual had a history of conduct problems before age 15 (assessed through the SSAGA instrument at the age 22 interview) and endorsed 3 or more ASPD behaviors, he/she was considered to have ASPD. Of note, all psychiatric interviews took place among presently non-incarcerated individuals.
