by smoking status. We additionally assessed contribution of and removed from analyses those with psychiatric disability and antipsychotic and antidepressant medication use over the 35-year follow-up. For this purpose, we considered treatment for psychiatric illness as an indicator for diagnosed psychiatric illness. We were not able to evaluate the impact of treatment for psychiatric illness on suicide rates. We acknowledge that it could be assumed that treatment for psychiatric illness would reduce risk for suicide. Some well-established risk factors such as depression status and trauma history, prior self-injurious thoughts and behavior in self, family members or friends and acquaintances were not explicitly assessed. The LSS questionnaire to assess hopelessness, stress and isolation, all previously identified as risk factors for suicide, was used as a proxy for pre-existing depressiveness, and those receiving antidepressant treatment were identified. We did not consider illicit drug use, which, in this cohort, was rare (Agrawal et al. 2008). As expected, suicide was strongly associated with these indicators of psychiatric illness in this sample, and adjustment for these factors attenuated but did not abolish the relationship between smoking and subsequent suicide risk over 35 years. The association between smoking and suicide observed in this study may be
