The lack of an immediate answer when a trait modifying genetic association is detected may first be disheartening, but it is likely just a consequence of the under-appreciated role of non-protein based mechanisms as phenotypic mediators. The spectrum of RNA species and especially RNA polymerase II products is widening.123 However, it should be kept in mind that as exploration of these different elements and mechanisms, and their cellular roles proceeds, explaining genetic associations with complex traits could provide even more precise indications of disease mechanisms and points of possible intervention than mere amino acid changes. Ultimately, these discoveries will set the stage for more precise and effective interventions.
