effectiveness than when a neutral third party conducted the evaluation [10]. And replications of interventions that had been found to be effective in controlled “efficacy” trials often showed no effects in “effectiveness” trials in “real world” settings [11]. Finally, a broader critique of expert knowledge argued that scientific expertise was being privileged, cutting against the grain of efforts to “democratize” clinical and societal decision-making by balancing the influence of experts with the input of ordinary citizens, including individuals directly affected by a condition or problem [12, 13].
