roughly 8.9% of individuals who use cannabis develop an addiction following lifetime exposure [95]. Moreover, almost half of chronic users experience robust withdrawal symptoms after cessation, which can include characteristics that range from sleep problems and nightmares to dysphoria and nausea [16]. Of note, cannabis use has also been associated with progression to other illicit drug use, which becomes strengthened with increased frequency and earlier onset of use [52], therefore placing individuals at risk for other substance use disorders and drug-related harms. A second long-term adverse effect that has been substantiated is risk of smoking cannabis is risk of developing symptoms of chronic bronchitis due to airway and lung inflammation [149]. Other adverse effects that are more strongly associated with cannabis use onset specifically in adolescence involves poorer education outcomes, cognitive impairment and hindrance to one’s overall success [31, 96, 149]. Finally, other forms of cannabis consumption can be associated with additional harms towards the user. Apart from smoking cannabis via joints, pipes, blunts or bongs, other methods for administering cannabinoids include butane hash oil (“dabs”) and oral consumption (“edibles”), which pose risks that are associated with stronger and slower delivery, respectively, as well as with the inaccuracy in product
