Meanwhile, complementary methods can extend the biological reach of pathway-based results. For example, it is not yet understood whether gene interactions are more likely within a given pathway or across different pathways in a network. A comparative study of epistasis in pathways and networks, perhaps utilizing novel techniques for its detection within population data [70–73], could inform future strategies in this area. A related area of development involves using known protein interactions to generate subnetworks from enriched pathways; these subnetworks can highlight novel candidate genes [74] or regulatory relationships [75] from significant pathways.
