were modified slightly based on the histological results from chronic treatment condition. For both conditions, stainless steel screws served as anchor points and cannulae were held in place using dental acrylic. The bilateral guide cannulae were sealed by inserting obdurators (31 gauge; PlasticsOne, Roanoke, VA) to maintain cannulae patency and reduce risk of infection. The obdurators were held in place with a stainless steel cap nut (Fastenal, Moscow, ID). Following surgery, post-operative analgesics (flunixin, 2.5 mg/kg; MWI Veterinary Supply, Meridian, ID) and antibiotics (Baytril, 5 mg/kg, MWI Veterinary Supply, Meridian, ID) were administered subcutaneously for 5 days. Following one week of recovery, the animals were transferred to the vapor chamber apparatus for dependence induction.
