This study used restricted pooled data for decedents from the 2003–2011 NVDRS [13]. Supported by the CDC, the NVDRS is a state-based active surveillance system that provides a detailed account of violent deaths in the participating states. Although a smaller cohort of states participated in 2003 and 2004, in 2005–2011 16 states (Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin) contributed data to the NVDRS. In 2010, Ohio joined the NVDRS.
