et al., 1993; Ratti et al., 2002; Oscar-Berman et al., 2009), which measures abstract thinking, cognitive flexibility and shifting, concept identification, hypothesis generation, and sensitivity to feedback. Additional evidence of executive dysfunction in alcoholics has been reported as deficits on the Stroop Color-Word Association test (Ratti et al., 2002) or modifications of the Stroop test (Lusher et al., 2004) that tap into selective attention, perceptual interference, response inhibition, and information-processing speed. Tests of impulsivity have shown alcoholism-related impairments on Go/No-Go tasks (Pandey et al., 2012) that require participants to respond quickly to a target while inhibiting responses when a stop-signal appears. Additional reports of poor executive functioning in alcoholics come from a variety of other tests, including the Letter-Number Sequencing test, which relies on working memory (Chanraud et al., 2007); the Ruff Figural Frequency Test, requiring participants to quickly draw as many unique designs as possible by connecting dots (Oscar-Berman et al., 2009); a delay-discounting decision-making test in which participants choose between a large but delayed reward and a small but more immediate reward (Mitchell et al., 2005); and the Iowa Gambling Test (Fernández-Serrano et al., 2010). The many findings from these combined studies of alcoholics clearly demonstrate executive dysfunction
