Evidence suggests that the behavioral difficulties and psychopathology of children with FASD persist into adulthood (Barr et al., 2006; Famy, et al., 1998; Spohr, Willms, & Steinhausen, 2007) and often result in adverse life outcomes such as substance abuse problems (Alati et al., 2006; Alati, et al., 2008; Baer, Barr, Bookstein, Sampson, & Streissguth, 1998; Baer, Sampson, Barr, Connor, & Streissguth, 2003) and trouble with the law (Fast, Conry, & Loock, 1999; Streissguth et al., 2004). In one cohort of prospectively identified subjects, prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with alcohol-problems at 21-years of age, and these effects remained even after controlling for the effects of family history of alcohol use disorders, other prenatal exposures, and other environmental factors such as postnatal parental use of other drugs (Baer, et al., 2003). These findings are supported by similar studies (Alati, et al., 2006; Alati, et al., 2008) and demonstrate that the behavioral effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are persistent and extend beyond childhood into adolescence and early adulthood. Furthermore, the host of clinical difficulties associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, such as impulsivity,
