Darling, 1994) and number of intoxication incidents (Kristjansson et al., 2010). One study found that adolescents who reported high levels of parental monitoring were more likely to be in a moderate and decreasing alcohol use trajectory group than in either of two heavy use groups (Becker et al., 2012). Further support for the role of parental monitoring comes from a study that found poorly monitored adolescents to be more likely to use drugs and seek out like-minded peers, thereby increasing the risk of transitioning from experimentation to regular use (Fallu et al., 2010; Steinberg et al., 1994). Finally, a program designed to increase parental monitoring and parent-adolescent engagement led to decreased adolescent alcohol consumption and fewer incidents of intoxication (Kristjansson et al., 2010). Thus, greater parental knowledge and/or vigilance about the activities and social affiliations of their children may limit opportunities to access alcohol. Indeed, if the proposed effect of 5-HTTLPR on alcohol outcomes through level of response to alcohol is moderated by parental monitoring, this would provide a feasible target for prevention efforts that seek to reduce the prevalence and negative consequences of problematic alcohol use, particularly among high-risk youth. To our knowledge, no studies have tested whether the
