As stated, although children with FASD are at increased risk for ADHD, studies that have evaluated both clinical groups suggest that they can be characterized by separate neurobehavioral profiles. There is a small but growing literature aimed at understanding the specificity of deficits seen in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure through direct comparison with children with ADHD on specific cognitive and behavioral domains (Burden et al., 2010; Coffin, Baroody, Schneider, & O'Neill, 2005; Coles, Platzman, Raskind-Hood, et al., 1997; Crocker, et al., 2009; Crocker, et al., 2011; Greenbaum, Stevens, Nash, Koren, & Rovet, 2009; Jacobson, et al., 2010; Kooistra, Crawford, Gibbard, Ramage, & Kaplan, 2010; Kooistra, et al., 2009; Nanson & Hiscock, 1990; Nash, et al., 2006; Vaurio, et al., 2008). Results from these investigations suggest that the two clinical groups are similar on parent reports of attention (Nanson & Hiscock, 1990), communication and socialization aspects of adaptive function (Crocker, et al., 2009), and performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Vaurio, et al., 2008). However, children with FASD and ADHD also have been distinguished on several cognitive domains, as follows.
