following parental separation.50 Fourth, because young adult participants were asked to retrospectively report on parental relationship discord, whereas adolescent participants provided concurrent reports, it was not feasible to treat parental relationship discord as a time-varying predictor. Future research that takes into account the length and severity of the exposure to parental relationship discord may be important. Fifth, parental separation was defined based on offspring reports of not living with both biological parents for the majority of adolescence. This definition reflects living arrangement rather than parental legal marital status, which is an important distinction when interpreting the findings. Furthermore, we acknowledge that this variable may reflect a range of living arrangements beyond parental separation, including parental loss, adoption, or other circumstances. Future research should consider more detailed measures to differentiate between these experiences and their potential implications. Sixth, parental discord and separation may serve as proxies for broader familial stressors, such as family conflict, parenting, or household chaos, which were not directly assessed in the present study. Future research should examine whether the observed associations persist after accounting for these additional factors related to familial dysfunction. Seventh, despite the longitudinal design of the study, not all participants contributed data spanning the
