In all experiments, we applied a simple rejection sampling scheme to avoid large amounts of consanguinity in our new diploid individuals and their offspring. The X chromosomes used to create pedigree founders were sampled such that no pair of chromosomes came from pairs of males with genome wide relatedness [45]. We conducted these experiments using the 1071 (607 females and 464 males) nominally unrelated individuals from the Val Borbera cohort. This allowed us to create up 232 to diploid individuals with known haplotypes.
