prone to stress-related alcohol intake than light drinkers (Adinoff et al., 2005; Blaine et al., 2018; Brown et al., 1995; Noone et al., 1999). Such findings suggest that higher levels of alcohol and drug intake may impact emotion and motivational processes by closely tying environmental precipitants, such as stress, to alcohol and drug intake and relapse (Amlung and Mackillop, 2014; Fox et al., 2007; Sinha et al., 2011a). Basic science studies that have modeled acute stress provocation in the laboratory have shown stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol and drug seeking in dependent animals (Lê et al., 2000; Mantsch et al., 2016; Sinha et al., 2011b). In humans, acute stress provocation using the personalized stress imagery procedure increased alcohol and drug craving in the laboratory (Fox et al., 2008; Sinha, 2007, 2001; Sinha et al., 2009, 2003; Sinha and Li, 2007), and at significantly higher levels than healthy social drinkers (Sinha et al., 2011a, 2009). Furthermore, reactivity to stress provocation predicted future relapse after treatment (Higley et al., 2011; Sinha et al., 2011b, 2006). Acute stress-induced alcohol and drug craving also increased intake in the laboratory (Blaine et al., 2018; McKee et al., 2011); however, it is not known if craving is
