GWAS and replication testing were conducted using the UHS cohort of high-risk IDUs and the WIHS cohort of high-risk women, respectively (Table 1). By design (S1 Methods), UHS HIV+ cases and HIV- controls have parallel profiles of HIV exposure risk behaviors that enhance detection of genetic associations with HIV acquisition (S1 Table). Although we did not purposefully match HIV+ cases to HIV- controls in the WIHS, WIHS controls are very similar to cases on most HIV exposure risk behaviors and at much higher risk than the general U.S. population due to matched venue/community-based recruitment [26] (S1 Table).
