the taste of alcohol or water. We excluded the first taste period of each trial because this includes the time for the gustometer to deliver the liquid, which could be slightly startling to the subjects, and is likely too soon for the subjects to be "experiencing" the taste. The second taste period of each trial was included; however, because participants are still "experiencing" the taste of the first delivery of liquid during this time. These procedures are consistent with Filbey et al. (2008a, b).