The inhalation mode of administration is not as commonly used as some of the other methods but a brief overview of the procedures is warranted for this review. Using this method, pregnant dams, neonatal pups, or the dam and her litter are placed in an inhalation chamber filled with ethanol vapor for several hours (116–119) (Figure 1). This method causes a rapid, reliable increase in BAC without the stress of intubation. It is also much less labor intensive than other methods and multiple animals can be in the chamber at one time. However, this method of administration does not mimic the route of intake in human beings and therefore may not be an accurate model of FASD. Additionally, the irritation to the upper respiratory tract by vaporized ethanol can be a significant factor to consider. If this method is used to expose rat or mouse pups to ethanol during the third trimester equivalent, then pups may have to be removed from their mothers for extended periods of time that may result in reduced food intake and stress associated with the
