Child internalizing symptoms were assessed using maternal reports on the SDQ, a questionnaire designed for children and adolescents. The “emotional symptoms” scale consists of 5 items aimed at measuring symptoms of depression, anxiety, phobia, separation anxiety, and somatic complaints, using questions such as, “[has] many worries, or often seems worried” and “nervous or clingy in new situations, easily loses confidence.” A comparison of the SDQ and the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991) suggested that the instruments are equally valid and successful at identifying psychological problems (Goodman and Scott, 1999). The current report utilizes maternal reports of child behavior at average ages 47 months (3.9 years), 81 months (6.8 years), 97 months (8.1 years), 114 months (9.5 years), and 140 months (11.7 years). Response options are “not true”, “somewhat true”, and “certainly true”, which were coded for the current analyses as 0, 1, and 2, respectively, for each of the 5 items. These were summed together at each age. Where 3 or more items were missing, the sum score for that age was not calculated; if 1 or 2 items were
