Some limitations to this study should be noted. First, PPI does not yield information regarding causal relationships. The coupling between the STN and median cingulate infers inter-regional correlations, but does not identify direction or even whether other, unmeasured regions are driving activation at both loci. Additionally, resiliency could be argued to influence motivation, instead of, or in addition to, working memory. However, previous work by our group found consistent relationships between resiliency and other measures of executive functioning including response inhibition, interference control, and planning (Martel et al., 2007), supporting a relationship with performance. In addition, we did not find differences in current levels of substance use based on family history. Some studies have found increased drinking during young adulthood in FH+ subjects (LaBrie et al., 2010, Harford et al., 1992) while others have not (Engs, 1990, Schuckit and Sweeney, 1987). As density of family history has been shown to moderate alcohol outcomes(Conway et al., 2003), the definition of liability one uses may impact findings. Familial risk is defined in this study as at least one parent with alcohol abuse
