Another point of contact between animal and human studies of G x E interactions can be found in pharmacogenetic studies which we can view as a special case of GXE where the “environmental” variable is exposure to a medication. Recent examples of these studies in humans include studies on the interaction between exposure to alcohol and genetic variation in the OPRM1 gene and naltrexone (Ray & Hutchison, 2007) and the interaction between genetic variation in the CHRNA4 gene and the acute effects of nicotine (Hutchison et al., 2007).
