CU was defined as any self-reported illicit (nonmedical) use of cannabis/hashish. Respondents were read the following: “Marijuana is also called pot or grass. Marijuana is usually smoked—either in cigarettes called joints or in a pipe. It is sometimes cooked in food. Hashish is a form of marijuana that is also called hash. It is usually smoked in a pipe. Another form of hashish is hash oil.” The survey subsequently assessed respondents’ past-year use status, frequency of use, and CUD. Standardized assessments for past-year cannabis-specific abuse and dependence symptoms were based on DSM-IV criteria (APA, 2000). Consistent with DSM-IV, cannabis abuse included presence of ≥1 abuse symptom and absence of dependence, and cannabis dependence included presence of ≥3 dependence symptoms, regardless of the abuse status (APA, 2000). Based on this hierarchical classification, abuse was considered less-severe than dependence, and any CUD included past-year cannabis abuse or dependence (APA, 2000). To understand use pattern and CUD (Wu et al., 2012), we examined frequency of CU. We calculated the mean number of days using CU in the past year and examine different levels
