lower rate (27%) of positive results among replication attempts (not shown), is probably symptomatic of publication bias (1). As shown in Table 1, of the 41 studies that attempted to statistically control for potential confounders by including them as covariates in linear models, none used the properly specified model. Assuming that this sample of studies is representative of studies in the wider G×E literature, it is likely that almost all published G×E findings that have attempted to statistically control for covariates have done so improperly, and thus alternative explanations for these findings cannot be ruled out.
