Whereas some detachment from parents is common in adolescence as a concomitant or part of the autonomization process, it is not per se directional but rather reflects passive disconnection that attains a directional momentum through both geno–/phenotype–environment correlation and the independent effect of environmental exposure. These formative influences may act synergistically. As the (adolescent) behavioral options are relatively limited, the most available or individually valuable behavioral model is the one that is likely to be accepted. It has been observed that the severity and temporal stability of antisociality are related to whether its onset precedes puberty or coincides with it (Moffitt, 1993). Based on such timing variation, two categories of antisocial phenotypes were proposed, life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited. These categories take into account that an early onset of antisociality is frequently associated with its long-term character, whereas its onset in adolescence is almost normative and less frequently predicts its chronicity. As Moffitt (1993) reviews, “life-course-persistent persons miss out on opportunities to acquire and practice prosocial alternatives at each stage of development” (p. 683). Nevertheless, whereas a small proportion of cases may
