We identified case vs control p values for t test results from NIDA/MNB samples and for χ2 results from dbGAP samples from unrelated individuals. Permutation testing for the dbGAP European-American samples revealed p<0.0003 (3,000 trials) for the number of SNPs with nominal case vs control p values<0.05. However, virtually none of these p values reached the 10−8 level deemed necessary for genome wide significance.