Substance use disorders are complex phenomena, and the development of substance-related problems can be attributed to factors ranging from broader social and economic conditions to individual genetic variation [5–10]. Prior research using a multifactorial index of clinical and environmental risk factors (e.g., childhood disadvantage, family history of SUD, childhood conduct problems, childhood depression, early exposure to substances, frequent use during adolescence) found it useful in identifying those with persistent SUDs [11].
