Forth, our findings are based on DSM-IV diagnoses of mood, anxiety, personality and substance use disorders and should be replicated using DSM-5 diagnoses. Fifth, the rates reported for disorders in this study could be underestimated due to attrition. However, attrition between the Wave 1 and Wave 2 NESARC was small (13.3%) and the Wave 2 data were adjusted for nonresponse associated with socio-demographic characteristics (Grant et al., 2009). Finally, the present analyses only included participants with no history of psychiatric disorders prior to 9/11. This was done so that we could be clear that what we were examining was the new onset of psychiatric symptoms following 9/11 exposure, rather than a mixed group of new onsets plus relapses of prior lifetime psychiatric symptoms that were in remission prior to 9/11. However, this analytic strategy does limit the generalization of these findings in that the associations with 9/11 exposure, and childhood maltreatment might be different for this subpopulation of individuals with no prior history of psychiatric or substance use disorders from those with a prior history who were previously in remission at the time of the 9/11 attack. This is particularly relevant given the strong relationship between childhood maltreatment and psychopathology
