Alcohol-related consequences in the prior 12 months were assessed using 15 items measuring (1) social consequences (4 items), (2) health consequences (3 items), (3) injuries and accidents (2 items), (4) legal consequences (3 items), and (5) workplace consequences (3 items) (see Cahalan, 1970; Midanik and Greenfield, 2000). Variables were created reflecting consequence counts overall and in 3 domains (i.e., social, health/injuries/accidents; and work/legal). Alcohol dependence symptoms in the same timeframe were assessed using a 17-item scale based on the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition, and measuring symptoms in 7 domains/criteria (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Variables were created to reflect total criteria count (0–7 criteria) and DSM-IV dependence (3+ criteria). Alcohol problem measures have been used in the NAS since 1990 (Caetano and Tam, 1995). Many studies have been published using the NAS dependence measure, and findings reveal the expected associations with demographic variables (e.g., age, gender), total volume, and heavy drinking (Bond et al., 2014; Caetano and Tam, 1995; Greenfield et al., 2014a, 2014b; Jones-Webb et al., in press) as well as health services utilization
